The Pedestrian's Record

THE PEDESTRIAN'S RECORD. 209 the bones placed in apposition one to the other to form joints similarly regarding position as during the lifetime of the animal, the joints are kept in position by ligaments, tendons, and indirectly by muscles ; the soft parts, like tendons, operate upon hard bones, the muscleacts as a lever to lift a cylindricalbone, and this constitutes the primary notion of locomotion. But when more than one muscle is attached to one and thesame bone, thenthe function of each is either combined or separate in its action, to explain the varied functions of which the subse­ quent pageswill bedevoted. Actions are affected by muscular contractility. A man doubles his fist and raises his arm, the biceps stands out, is seemingly increased in size, butin reality it has contracted its length to gain rotundity in its centre, and every muscle of the body acts exactly in the same way ; by contracting upon itself, the extent of action is controlled by the amount of muscular tissue operated upon. A long muscle acting on a long cylindricalbone is endowed with alarge latitude ofmove­ ment. Smaller muscles enjoy more limited scope, and their movements are not so pronounced ; but the functions they perform areall equally important ; the one sometimes cannot act without the other, and the sympathy between them is manifest at every movement. THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE TRUNK. The plates introduced give pictures of the external anatomy of man, whichrepresent the muscles that cover, and conse­ quently hide from view, the deeper seated, many of which play an important part, and are actively engaged by men when exposed to violent exertion. It is, therefore, necessary that the athlete shouldhave some knowledge of the arrangement and disposition of the muscles common to the ribs. The runner without good breathing power cannot sustain the effects of prolonged fatigue, neither can an athlete race for any distance unless hisrespiratory organs are capable of performing their